Are Leaders – born or made?

The most argumentative and the most widely researched  topic in the field of leadership is – if the leaders are born or made. As on today, the  resultant phenomenon of the widely done research is neutral, with few of the researcher’s  supporting the former assumption while few supporting the later one. The critical point in  the discussion had been the genetical influence on an individual which makes him/her a  leader. Although, it is not deniable that few leaders the world has seen were born to rule,  however, I would like to give my opinion in regards of the later i.e. Leaders are made. The basic feature which defines a leader is – Intelligence.  Every individual born is blessed with intelligence, it is just how one groom one’s  intelligence level and put in to the best use which makes him/her a leader. Besides,  intelligence there are many more characteristics which an individual needs to inculcate in  oneself to become an inspirational leader. These characteristics include strong will and  determination towards achievement, influencing the people’s mind and actions, highly  self motivated, possessing skills and talents and nourishing and nurturing them at  regular time periods. All these features and many more added to them turns a simple  individual into a leader. The leadership skills and talents could be either adopted or learnt  by one whilst moving ahead at different spheres of life. A stabilized ongoing  development of the intellectual growth and enhancement of various skills and talents at  different levels of an individual development plays a pivotal role in the making of a great  leader. Today’s world has seen a large number of leaders in  different spheres. As Shakespeare puts in â€Å"Some are born great, some achieve greatness  and some have greatness thrust upon them†. No single conclusion could be deprived on  the formation of these leaders. It is essential for a person to realize and recognize the  traits they possess at earlier later stages in life and later enhancement of these traits would  result in utilizing them optimally throughout the life. A consistent approach towards  grooming ones skills and talents besides developing intellectual growth would be the  most efficient source to become a great leader. Adopting different leadership traits while  working would also prove to be beneficial. Experience would definitely get counted in as  positive in leadership development. Leadership is not only determined by the character and  capacities of the leader, but definitely also by the followers: if there are no followers  there is no leader. Empowerment, ownership and curiosity are the features which ones  derived evolves leadership in every individual (Lance, 2004). All the features discussed  so far could be easily adopted by any normal sound minded individual. No hard and fast  rules are required to adopt them and no genetical attributes are needed to acquire them –  it is just an individual’s strong will and determination over becoming a leader which  would turn him/her into a great leader. Thus, I conclude, stating although a large number  of leaders are termed as born – leaders, yet there work and experience have made them  leaders in actual sense. REFERENCES: à   Adair, John. 1998: Leadership Skills. CIPD Publishing à   Covey, Stephen. R. 2004: The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness. Simon & Schuster Publishers à   Secretan, Lance. 2004: Inspire! What Great Leaders Do. John Wiley & Sons Publishers. à   Zenger, John. H. 2002: The Extraordinary Leader: Turning Good Managers into Great Leaders. McGraw –Hill Professional Publishers.                                                         

East-Midland English

A project in theoretical phonetics of English Shcherbakova Natalia, group 01 Contents: 1. Introduction 2. English in East Midlands 1. Vowels 2. Consonants 3. Word Stress 4. Sentence rhythm and intonation 3. Conclusion 4. List of references Introduction East Midlands, general facts The East Midlands, in its broadest sense, is the eastern part of central England (and therefore part of the United Kingdom as well).The East Midlands covers three major landscape areas: The relatively flat coastal plain of Lincolnshire, the river valley of the Trent, the third largest (and longest) river in England, and the southern end of the Pennine range of hills in Derbyshire. The second of these contains several large cities: Nottingham, Leicester, Derby and Doncaster, historically centres based around coal mining and heavy industry. This is one of the drier regions of England. ?The East-Midland dialect is very interesting. The northern parts of its dialect area were also an area of heavy Scandinavian settlement, so that northern East-Midland Middle English shows the same kinds of rapid development as its Northern neighbor. But the subdialect boundaries within East-Midland were far from static: the more northerly variety spread steadily southward, extending the influence of Scandinavianized English long after the Scandinavian population had been totally assimilated.In the 13th century this part of England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk, began to outstrip the rest of the country in prosperity and population because of the excellence of its agriculture, and — crucially — increasing numbers of well-to-do speakers of East-Midland began to move to London, bringing their dialect with them. ? By the second half of the 14th century the dialect of London and the area immediately to the northeast, which had once been Kentish, was thoroughly East-Midland, and a rather Scandinavianized East Midland at that.Since the London dialect steadily gained in prestige from that time on and began to develop into a literary standard, the northern, Scandinavianized variety of East-Midland became the basis of standard Modern English. For that reason, East-Midland is by far the most important dialect of Middle English for the subsequent development of the language. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The English written and spoken today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. The East Midlands dialect was important because it came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most people.Great numbers of traders, pilgrims and others passed through towns such as Leicester and Nottingham. During the 13th and 14th centuries, large numbers of East Midlanders migrated to London, in turn influencing the standard form of English The East Midlands dialect was a mixture of English and Scandinavian, with a smattering of French. The impact of the Vikings can still be seen today in our version of English that was born on the borders of Mercia and Danelaw. As Dr Elai ne Treharne from Leicester University points out, â€Å"It is fair to say that the Queen's English has its roots in the towns of the Midlands as much as the palaces of Whitehall! 1) Fading of old traditions and huge shiftsin how we. communicate globally. Much of the dialect developed in rural communities and in the industrial heartlands of the region. Mining communities in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire were renowned for their use of dialect. At a time when regions are losing some of their traditional dialect, the East Midlands is keen to retain its cultural identity and linguistic style. Although some words are dying out, East Midlanders are keen to celebrate their local language 2) 3) ? ? Examples of pronunciation: ? ? ? ? In Leicester, words with short vowels such as up and last have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as down and road sound rather more like a south-eastern accent. The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature. [ In north Nottinghamshire ee found in short words is pronounced as two syllables, for example feet being , sounding like â€Å"fee-yut† (and also in this case ending with a glottal stop). Lincolnshire also has a marked north south split in terms of accent.The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in â€Å"car† and â€Å"park† or the replacement of take and make with tek and mek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath. In Northamptonshire, crossed by the North-South isogloss, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of Leicestershire and those in the south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire. The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers.It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it ? East Midlands accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm. Old and cold may be pronounced as â€Å"owd† and â€Å"cowd† (rhyming with â€Å"loud† in the West Midlands and â€Å"ode† in the East Midlands), and in the northern Midlands home can become â€Å"wom†.The West Midlands accent is often described as having a pronounced nasal quality, the East Midlands accent much less so. ? ? Next ? As in the North, Midlands accents generally do not use a broad A, so that cast is pronounced rather than the pronunciation of most southern accents. The northern limit of the in many words crosses England from mid-Shropshire to The Wash, passing just south of Birmingham. ? Midlands speech also generally uses the northern short U, so putt is pronounced the same as put.The southern limit of this pronunciation also crosses from mid-Shropshire to the Wash, but dipping further south to the northern part of Oxfordshire. Next Other features of Derbyshire dialect are: 1) the use of words like â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thou†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 2) the shortening of words for more economical speech 3) the use of very unusual words like â€Å"scratin'† (crying) deriving from old Norse or Viking The dialect of the East Midlands has been investigated in notable texts such as the affectionately titled Ey Up Mi Duck series of books by Richard Scollins and John Titford.These books were originally intended as a study of Derbyshire Dialect, particularly the distinctive speech of Ilkeston and the Erewash valley, but later editions acknowledge similarities in vocabulary and grammar which unite the East Midlands dialects and broadened their appeal to the region as a whole. â€Å"Ey Upâ €  (often spelt ayup / eyup) is a greeting thought to be of Old Norse origin (se upp) used widely throughout the North Midlands and South Yorkshire, and â€Å"Mi Duck† is thought to be derived from a respectful Anglo Saxon form of address, â€Å"Duka† (Literally â€Å"Duke†), and is unrelated to waterfowl.Nonnatives of the East Midlands are often surprised to hear men greet each other as ‘Mi Duck. ‘ I, the man with the red scarf, Will give thee what I have, this last week's earnings. Take them and buy thee a silver ring And wed me, to ease my yearnings. For the rest when thou art wedded I'll wet my brow for thee With sweat, I'll enter a house for thy sake, Thou shalt shut doors on me. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ay (or ey) up mi duck – hello there! Aya gorra weeya? – is the wife with you?It's black uvver Bill's mother's – it looks like rain Coggie – swimming costume Croaker – doctor Duck's necks – bottle of lemonade Gorra bag on – in a bad mood Laropped – drunk Nesh – cold Old cock – friend or mate Page owl – single woman out alone at night Skants – pants The rally – the railway line Thiz summat up wee im – I think he may be ill Who's mashing? – who's making the cups of tea CONCLUSION East Midlands English is a dialect traditionally spoken in Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire.It came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most people. It includes special pronunciation, grammatical rules and has variations within the political region. East Midlands takes great pride in its distinctive dialect. In Lincolnshire local people are going back to the classroom to reclaim their linguistic roots. The English written and spoken today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. They have a lot of common and it is really hard to distinctive one dialect from another without knowing peculiarities of both dialects.LIST OF REFERENCES & EXTERNAL LINKS Wiki Travel (2012) – England, East Midlands (http://wikitravel. org/en/East_Midlands) Penn Department of Linguistics – Dialects of Middle English (http://www. ling. upenn. edu/) Peter Gill (2009) – Dialect Poems (http://dspace. dial. pipex. com/) BBC Inside Out (2005) – Dialects and accents (http://www. bbc. co. uk/) Bell M. (1996). Teaching pronunciation and intonation to E. F. L. learners in Korea. Retrieved on 14 October, 2004. – p. 255 Tutorgipedia – English language in England (http://www. tutorgigpedia. com)

King Lear’s Foolishness Essay

King Lear is a metaphorical tale of an ailing man’s journey through hell in order to forgive his sins. Lear’s untimely, sinful surrender of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that send him through a treacherous journey. It is a tale that graphically describes the consequences of one man’s foolish decisions; decisions that greatly alter his life and the lives of those around him. Lear suffers terribly, as a result of ignorantly dividing his kingdom among his eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan. By the time he realizes his daughters’ tyrannical nature, it is too late, and they have already begun their plot to kill him. Amidst his increasing insanity however, Lear does become a wiser man, as he finally receives the ability to see people’s true faces, something he from which he had been blinded from for so long. Lear was foolish in many ways, and was viewed that way by many different people. His most foolish move was questioning the love of his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. He created a contest which would reward the largest third of the kingdom to the daughter whom loved him the most, â€Å"Tell me, my daughters (since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of territory, cares of state), Which of you shall we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend where nature doth with merit challenge.† (I, i, 47-53) He planned to divide the kingdom among the three to prevent strife, not realizing that it was an invitation to civil war instead. He asked his daughters to tell him how much they loved him in public. After Goneril and Regan flattered him with lies, Lear gave them third and second prize. When Cordelia, whom the largest piece of the kingdom was reserved for, refused to play the same flattery game as her sisters had done, Lear’s rage exploded. Cordelia could have easily like her sisters, however she did not care to be rewarded with land and riches under false pretences. Lear, being blind to this, disowned Cordelia and banned her from her homeland. Foolishly, Lear also banished his only loyal follower, Kent, for sticking up for Cordelia, â€Å"To plainness honour’s bound when majesty fails to folly. Reserve thy state and in thy best consideration check this hideous rashness.†(II, i, 36-42) Assuming God’s duty was Lear’s primary downfall. He was King of England because God had put him there, and it was God’s decision as to when he should be dismissed. Lear, however, put his  fate into his own hands, and attempted to pass on the kingdom himself. It can almost be said that Lear’s suffering was God’s revenge upon a man who refused the gift of supremacy. Even Lear’s fool, who many consider to be Lear’s own conscience, tells him that he has been foolish in his decision making: Fool: Though wouldst make a good fool. Lear: To take it again perforce! Monster Ingratitude! Fool: If thou wert my fool, nuncle, I’d have Thee beaten for being old before thy time. Lear: How’s that? Fool: Thou shouldst not have been old till Thou hadst been wise. (I, iv, 267-273) Immediately after Lear divides the kingdom in half among his two tyrannical daughters, Goneril and Regan seek revenge upon Lear, and begin to plot his death. Lear is incredibly ignorant, and honestly believes Goneril and Regan’s claim that they truly love him. Only when it is too late, does he realize that the only daughter who does in fact love him, he did outcast. After Goneril only allows Lear fifty of his hundred servants and soldiers to spend the night, Lear questions her actions, and in doing so questions her true love for him. Insulted, he goes to Regan, thinking that she will be kinder to him, however Regan acts much harsher than Goneril, and only allows him twenty-five followers for the night. Upon seeing this, Lear angrily realizes that his two eldest daughters are wicked and do not love him at all. As king, it can  almost be said that Lear was sheltered, as he never had to deal with problems himself, however now that he is simply seen a peasant, Lear no longer has the luxury of people making his decisions for him. He blindly draws the conclusion that though it probably isn’t much, Goneril must love him twice as much as Regan, if she will allow him twice as many followers, â€Å"Thy fifty yet doth double five-and-twenty, and thou art twice her love.† (II, iv, 291-292). As the play progresses so does Lear’s madness. After returning to Goneril’s and being locked out, Lear sets out for Dover with the fool. However as Lear becomes more insane, and his madness increases, he receives the vision that he had been blinded from before. Upon encountering Edgar, as Poor Tom, Lear becomes completely mad. â€Å"Here’s three on’s are sophisticated! Thou are the thing itself; unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, are forked animal as thou art. Off, off, your lendings.† (III, iv, 109-112) Many misinterpret this scene as Lear’s final surrender to madness, however this scene is possibly where Lear becomes most sane. Lear realizes that sophistication is dressing up nicely to give the impression of being something you really are not. He sees Edgar in his plain clothes and starts to rip his own clothes off to get away from the trickery and the falsehood of the world, as he sees Poor Tom has done. His daughters dressed up their words with lies to get what they wanted and Lear realizes that without clothes you cannot distinguish the difference between a king and a beggar. King Lear’s vision is no longer hampered at the peak of his madness because although he is mad, the words he speaks make sense and have truth to them: Lear: They flattered me like a dog, and told Me I had white hairs in my beard ere the Black ones were there. To say â€Å"ay† and â€Å"no† To everything that I said! â€Å"Ay† and â€Å"no† was No good divinity. When the rain came to wet Me once, and the wind to make me chatter; When the thunder would not peace at my Bidding; there I found ’em, there I smelt ’em Out. Go to, the are not men o’their words! They told me I was everything. ‘Tis a like-I Am not ague proof. (IV, vi, 112-120) All of the pain that Lear suffers can be traced back to the single most important error that he made. Lear chose to give up his throne. Out of pain and anger, Lear banished Cordelia, and split the kingdom into two halves, divided among Goneril and Regan. This one sin bears massive repercussions upon Lear, and the lives of those around him, eventually killing almost all of those involved. Lear does not realize the mistake that he has made, until he suffers the banishment of his two eldest daughters. The fall of Lear is not just the suffering of one man but the suffering of everyone down the chain. Gloucester loses his status and eyes, Cordelia and Kent banished, and Albany realizes his wife’s true heart. Everything that happened to these characters is affected by Lear’s ultimate decision. If Lear had not banished Cordelia and Kent then the two sisters would not be able to plot against their father. Lear cannot see the true faces of people, and this is his tragic flaw. Th e pain and suffering endured by King Lear eventually tears down his strength and sanity, and leads to his ultimate demise, death.

History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History paper - Essay Example This time, though, the rising urban class of shopkeepers and artisans, known as the bourgeoisie, continued the struggle, focusing it against the noble landowning class that had traditionally been the support of the monarchy. With the bourgeoisie success, the noble class was pulled down, the king along with it as its figurehead, and replaced by the First Republic. In many ways, the search for the reasons and participants can be found in the theories brought forward by Karl Marx, such as in the popular protest movements of the day which provide a more accurate view of both how the monarchy lost its favor and who was most in control of the political and social changes that were happening in those years. French society at the time of the Revolution was very similar to most of the other countries of Europe of the period in that it had an absolute monarchy that followed much the same pattern of rule that had been established by Louis XIV in the early 1700s. As a part of this system, there was an aristocratic class that held most of the status and wealth of the nation in a feudal-type system and a merchant class called the bourgeoisie that, at times, held enough wealth to rival the nobles, but had none of the political clout. There was â€Å"a vast peasantry accounting for one in seven or one in eight of the population, most of who were legally free but bound to their seigneur †¦ by a myriad of services and obligations surviving from the medieval past. †¦ And, in cities, †¦ a great urban population of innumerable crafts and occupations, for the most part poor and depending for survival on cheap and plentiful bread† (Rude 1995). What made France different from thes e other countries that shared so many attributes was the fact that the French bureaucracy had been allowed to gain enough wealth to make them independent of the crown that had given them such

Foriegn Intelligence Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foriegn Intelligence Services - Essay Example However, a few occasions of the Mossad spying on the U.S. (Jonathan Pollard and Ben-Ami Kadish) and the Mossad’s policy on abductions and assassinations have threatened the U.S. The Mossad’s threat to the U.S. is overall miniscule, yet when a threatening incident occurs the threat level is high. The Mossad’s mission is to protect Israel and Israeli citizens from any threat worldwide. The uniqueness about the Mossad is their mission also includes all Jews, Israeli or not. In order to accomplish this mission, the Mossad has agents or spies worldwide from Tel Aviv to the U.S. The Mossad’s mission to save Jews in Africa has resulted in several operations. The most famous is Operation Moses. When masses were starving in the Sudan during 1984, the Mossad evacuated six thousand Ethiopian Jews during Operation Moses (Shimron, 204). Not only did the Mossad evacuate these refugees, they paid corrupt Sudan officials millions of dollars, plus picked up the tab of the evacuation (Shimron 203). The goal was to save Jewish lives. Another famous Mossad mission was the capture of the former Nazi Adolf Eichmann in Argentina. In 1957, the Mossad received word that Eichmann, an infamous Nazi, was spotted in Argentina (Thomas, 75). Many Nazis had immigrated to Argentina, because Argentina would not extradite Nazis back to Germany, Israel, or any other European country. The Mossad decided to abduct Eichmann and bring him to Israel for justice. The operation ended in Eichmann being brought to trial in Israel. He received the death penalty; the only death penalty handed down by an Israeli court and carried out in Israeli history. Assassinations are routinely carried out not only by the Mossad, but by the Israeli military. The Israeli military carries out assassinations inside of Israel, Gaza, and the other Occupied Territories. The Mossad carries out assassinations outside of Israel. The most notable was the assassination of terrorists responsible for

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vietnam War - Essay Example Instead, the Americans entered the war in Vietnam to counter the growing clout of a communist group known as the Viet Cong. Although the Americans had superior firepower, the Vietnamese, with their knowledge of the terrain and their guerilla tactics, finally forced America to withdraw after two decades of a long drawn and costly war. The cost to America in terms of economic and political losses, as well as loss of lives and humiliation at the hands of an enemy that seemed small and insignificant, was immense. Today, after over three decades, there is still no consensus among scholars and historians about whether America should have ever entered the war. Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a long drawn out and costly conflict between South Vietnam, which was backed by America, and the communist regime of North Vietnam. The war began in 1954 with the rise of the communist party of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam and escalated into a war of ideologies against the backdrop of the cold war be tween the Soviet Union and America. It is estimated that more than three million people died in this war, of which a great majority were innocent civilians. The war that America invested in so heavily has been a cause of dissent and divisions among Americans, and by the time president Richard Nixon ordered withdrawal of troops in 1973, America had sacrificed thousands of her young men to this war. Finally, in 1975, Saigon fell to the communist forces and ended the war that had stretched over two decades. Dr. John Guilmartin, in his book America in Vietnam, remarks â€Å"The United States of America became deeply involved in Vietnam and that involvement had serious consequences† (Guilmartin,1991). The origins of the Vietnam War can be traced to the end of the Second World War. Before the war, Indochina or French Indochina, as it was then known, was a French colony consisting of today’s Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. In 1940, the Japanese invaded and occupied the northern part of Indochina and a little later the rest of it. In 1941, Ho Chi Minh, a communist leader, formed a nationalist movement called the Viet Minh to repulse the Japanese invasion. Soon after, the French began to encourage nationalism in Vietnam and gave them nominal independence. However, at the end of the war, when the Japanese surrendered, the French renewed their claim on Indochina. Ho Chi Minh assumed power in the north and proclaimed himself the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In his address in Hanoi, he proclaimed, "All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means all the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free. Those are undeniable truths" (Ho Chi Minh, 1945). In the months after the end of the Second World War, Chinese soldiers began the looting of Vietnamese villages as they came down to North Vietnam from China. In the South, the French soldiers, released from Japanese camps, went on a rampage, killing and looting both innocent civilians and Viet Minh soldiers. In 1946, Chiang Kai Shek of China agreed to withdraw his troops from North Vietnam in exchange for French

Lenins Characteristics of a Proper Revolutionary Movement Essay

Lenins Characteristics of a Proper Revolutionary Movement - Essay Example In order for the revolutionary movement to succeed, the small group of professionals would perform the function of thinking and centralize the secret aspects of the work such as making plans, making leaflets for distribution to the masses, and appointing leaders to manage different institutions or areas. The workers, on the other hand, were to follow the orders of the leaders and engage in mass actions such as demonstrations as the situation would demand. The allocation of authority was to be based on one’s position in the movement. Professionals who were learned had more authority. Members of congresses similarly had greater authority compared to the workers. Generally, authority was located based on one’s position in the movement, level or knowledge or from a democratic vote. Â  Lenin believed that the ultimate goal of the revolution was to develop socialism to the extent of fully realizing communism. Some of the goals of a revolutionary movement included to reach, move and win as many people as possible at all times. Lenin believed that a proper method for performing a revolution was one based on scientific knowledge (econfaculty.gmu.edu, n.d.). In this sense, he thought that in order for a revolution to succeed, the leaders needed to be professionals - people who were well educated or talented in one way or another. According to Lenin, the revolutionary organization had to be based on a revolutionary Marxist program and dedicated to the advancement in the struggle for socialism as noted by Le Blance (2013).